The assessment of the associated injuries becomes the focus once the size shape and position of the fracture and fragments is complete.
Bones are related to the structures they connect to and structures they are in close proximity with. Knowledge of the ligaments, tendons and muscles associated with the fractured bone need to be evaluated clinically and if in question MRI is best suited to evaluate these soft tissues.
Arteries veins and nerves also have a close relationship with bone and thus injury with bleeding or pseudoaneurysm formation or spasm with distal compromise need to be evaluated clinically and radiologically.
In fractures of large long bones for example the femur or tibia fat can infiltrate the veins and embolize to the lungs causing fat embolism and pulmonary compromise. Thrombotic embolism is also a common subacute complication of fractures as a result of immobilization following a fracture.
Nerve injury is best diagnosed clinically. Burst fractures of the vertebral bodies can result in retropulsed fragments which impinge on the spinal cord and may cause significant morbidity. Similarly, pathological fractures of the vertebral bodies caused by metastatic disease can also impinge and compress on the spinal cord.
The Chance fracture
A Chance fracture is a flexion injury of the spine consisting of a compression injury to the anterior part of the vertebral body and a transverse fracture through the posterior elements caused by sudden forward flexion compressing the vertebral body. A distraction injury to the posterior elements results as well. This injury is commonly associated with an MVA where the patient was wearing only a lap seatbelt and deceleration by the force of the accident throws the patient forward and the lap belt acts as the imposing force causing the patient to flex violently.
Associated intraabdominal injuries include small bowel and large bowel contusions or lacerations, mesenteric contusions or lacerations, and pancreatic injuries.
Fractures of ribs near the lung, spleen or liver can result in complicating penetrating injuries of any of the soft tissue organs with potentially significant and life threatening complications.
The most common associated injuries of fractures are those that involve the ligaments tendons and muscle, though those that have the greatest morbidity with life threatening potentials occur when the surrounding vessels or organs are affected. The most serious of these are head injuries and spinal injuries.
References
Chance GQ: “Note on a flexion fracture of the spine.” Br J Radiol 1948; 21: 452-3.
Malagari K, Economopoulos N, Stoupis C, Daniil Z, Papiris S, Müller NL, Kelekis D. High-resolution CT findings in mild pulmonary fat embolism. Chest 123(4):1196-201 2003.